古代的夏天有冰镇食品吃吗?
2021-08-07 | 科学船坞 原创 收藏(17) | 阅读(53919)
冰饮、冰箱、空调等等,现代人享受科技带来的福分,天气炎热人们可以不出门,在家吹着空调,冻得裹着被子。遥想古代,古人在面对炎热的夏季,他们是如何来应对的。在看到古装电视剧时,古人也会吃冰镇食品,比如冰镇西瓜,这个最常见,夏天哪来的冰?
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实际上,古人藏冰的历史悠久,要说有多悠久,周朝就有“冰箱”了。
《周礼》中记载,“祭祀共冰鉴”,冰鉴是一种古代的器皿,它是一件复合器具,有两件器物组合成冰鉴,在用的时候,一件器物装冰一件器物装酒,就可以喝到透心凉的冰酒了。已考古发现的曾侯乙铜冰鉴缶,是世界上最原始的冰箱,这件器物由青铜制造,重170公斤,装饰十分精美,高63.2厘米。这种青铜冰鉴缶既可以夏天冰酒,也可以冬天温酒,冬天温酒的时候,只需要在里面改装热水或是木炭就可以了。从周朝开始,朝廷就设置了专门负责制冰的官吏,名曰“凌人”。
藏冰在现代看来很简单,无非就是冬季建冰窖,凿冰把冰藏进去,等夏天使用就可以。由于藏冰条件简单,只是用草席做铺垫,上面盖一些简陋的隔温材料,所以冰依旧会融化,藏了三块冰也只有一块冰可以用,所以藏冰数量很大,一般为用冰数量的3倍多。
古人藏冰不是一般人可以享用的,都是皇家或各州府大官才可以使用。古代采冰、运冰、藏冰花费巨大,成本高昂,十分珍稀,古代皇帝将冰作为一种赏赐赐给有功的臣子,书中记载“井台藏冰,三伏之月冰赐大臣”,到了宋代,宋朝的皇帝就比较抠门了,冰只赐给近臣与史官,一般的官员是享受不到这等福利待遇的。但是,在宋朝,这种冰已经不是特别稀罕物了,市集中已经出现冰镇饮品了。
相传曹操曾在邺城修筑了三座台,除了广为人知的铜雀台以外,还有冰井台、金凤台。曹操命人在寒冬腊月凿冰储存在冰井台,留炎热夏天使用。
冰从最初最简单的用法,慢慢衍生出了制作“冰淇淋”,没错,古代也有冰淇淋可以吃。唐朝时期,就有一款名叫“酥山”的食品,是用一种来自于北方游牧民族的乳制品配以冰制作而成的,人们还用不同的可食用的颜料调制不同的颜色。隋唐以前,冰只是王公贵族的特权,隋唐之后,普通人也有机会用到了。到了宋朝,市面上还出现了“雪泡水”、“雪泡梅花酒”、“冰盘”饮品,种类繁多,凡是冰镇一下口感好的,基本都有。冰从最初的奢侈品,逐渐在民间出现,只不过价格依旧高昂,毕竟涉及到挖地窖、采冰、运冰的成本,所以也仅仅只有有钱的大户人家有钱买这些。
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